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Animals > Animal Diseases > Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

Risk Assessment on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Cattle in Canada
Part A: Evaluation of Risk Factors

1.	INTRODUCTION
2.	ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODS
	2.1 Assumptions
	2.2.Methods
3.	DEMOGRAPHICS AND INDUSTRY CHARACTERISTICS
	3.1. Population and Distribution of Dairy and Beef Cattle
	3.2. The Canadian Dairy Sector
	3.3. The Canadian Beef Sector
	3.4. SUMMARY - DEMOGRAPHICS AND STRUCTURE
4.	LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY AND VETERINARY INFRASTRUCTURE
	4.1. Legislative Authority
		4.1.1. Health of Animals Act and Regulations
		4.1.2. The Health of Animals Regulations
		4.1.3. Reportable Diseases Regulations
		4.1.4. Compensation for Destroyed Animals Regulations
		4.1.5. Meat Inspection Act and Regulations
		4.1.6. Feeds Act and Regulations
		4.1.7. Agriculture and Agri-Food Administrative Monetary Penalties Act and Regulations
	4.2. Veterinary Infrastructure
		4.2.1. Organization and Structure of Canadian National Veterinary Services
		4.2.1.2. Material (including financial) Resources
		4.2.1.3. Human Resources
		4.2.1.4. Laboratory Services
		4.2.1.5. Provincial Veterinary Services
	4.3 SUMMARY - LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY AND VETERINARY INFRASTRUCTURE
5.	IMPORT
	5.1. Import Policies
		5.1.1. Overview of Import Policies and Legislation
		5.1.2. Current BSE Import Policies
		5.1.3. Country Evaluations and Designated Countries
		5.1.4. Previous BSE Import Policies
	5.2. Compliance and Enforcement
	5.3. Live Ruminants from BSE-Free Countries that Subsequently Report Cases of BSE
		5.3.1. Imports of Live Ruminants from Countries Reporting BSE
		5.3.1.1. Disposition of Cattle Imported from the U.K. and Ireland (1982–1990)
		5.3.1.2. Disposition of Ruminants Imported from BSE-Infected Countries Other Than the U.K. and Ireland
		5.3.1.3. Imports and Disposition of Other Ruminants from BSE-Affected Countries
		5.3.2. Imports of Sheep from Countries Reporting Scrapie
		5.3.3. Imports of Cervids from Countries Reporting Chronic Wasting Disease
	5.4. Ruminant Embryos
	5.5. Meat-and-Bone Meal (MBM)
	5.6. Other Products
	5.7 SUMMARY - IMPORT
6.	SLAUGHTER AND DISPOSITION
	6.1. Inspection Systems
	6.2. Ante-Mortem and Post-Mortem Inspection
	6.3. Disposition of Condemned and Inedible Offal
	6.4. Stunning Methods
	6.5. Compliance and Enforcement
	6.6. SUMMARY - SLAUGHTER AND DISPOSITION
7.	RENDERING
	7.1. Legislative Framework and Policies
	7.2. Industry Profile
	7.3. Voluntary Industry Ban
	7.4. Structure of the Rendering Industry
	7.5. Processing Techniques
	7.6. Compliance and Enforcement
	7.7. SUMMARY - RENDERING
8.	FEED
	8.1. Regulation of Feed
		8.1.1. Feed Ban
	8.2. Feed Production
		8.2.1. Feed Industry Profile
		8.2.2. Risk Reduction Practices for BSE in the Feed Industry
		8.2.3. Sources of Proteins in Livestock Feeds
	8.3. Feeding Practices
		8.3.1. Dairy Cattle
		8.3.1.1. Use of Milk Replacers in Dairy and Veal Calves
	8.3.2. Beef Cattle
		8.3.3. Alternative Feed Sources
	8.4. Compliance and Enforcement
		8.4.1. Inspection Program
		8.4.2. Results of the Inspection Program
	8.5. Education and Awareness
		8.6. SUMMARY - FEED
REFERENCES

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1:	Total Cattle Inventory, 2000–2001
Table 2:	Slaughter Cattle - Number Slaughtered in Federally Inspected Establishments in Canada
Table 3:	Slaughter Cattle - Number Slaughtered in Provincially Inspected Establishments in Canada
Table 4:	Countries Infected with BSE
Table 5:	Live Animal Imports of Concern
Table 6:	Disposition of Cattle Imported from the U.K. (1982–1990)
Table 7:	Disposition of Cattle Imported from Ireland (1982–1990)
Table 8:	Infection Status of Farms of Origin and Birth Cohorts of Cattle Imported from the U.K. (1982 –1990) that were Slaughtered or Died
Table 9:	Infection Status of Farms of Origin and Birth Cohorts of Cattle Imported from Ireland (1982–1990) that were Slaughtered or Died
Table 10:	Imports of Breeding Sheep from Countries not Recognized Free of Scrapie (1988–July 2001)
Table 11:	Imports of Cervids from the United States
Table 12:	Imports of Bovine Embryos from European Countries
Table 13:	Imports of Ovine Embryos from European Countries
Table 14:	Imports of Caprine Embryos from European Countries
Table 15:	Canadian Imports (all countries) of Flours, Meal and Pellets, of Meat or Meat Offal, Nes, Unfit for Human Consumption; Greaves (HS code 2301.100090), for the Period 1988–2001
Table 16:	Canadian Imports (all countries) of Bone Meal for the Manufacture of Livestock Feeds (HS code 0506.90010), for the Period 1988–2001
Table 17:	MBM Imports (tonnes). Shading indicates period of different risk that exports carried the agent, 1986–1990 being the period of highest risk for U.K. imports, while 1994–1999 U.K. exports are assumed to have been safer than exports from other BSE-affected countries. Sources: C = Completed country questionnaire, E = Eurostat
Table 18:	Number of Cattle Slaughtered in Federally and Provincially Inspected Establishments in Canada
Table 19:	Production of MBM and Other Protein Meals (excluding blood and feather meal) Before and After the Feed Ban
Table 20:	Geographic Distribution of Rendering Facilities and Permit Types (December 2001)
Table 21:	Infectivity Reduction Achieved by Different Types of Rendering Systems
Table 22:	The Geographic Distribution of Feed Mills and Feed Production in Canada (1997)
Table 23:	Price Differential Between Protein of Animal Origin and Vegetable Origin
Table 24:	Feed Mill Compliance with the Health of Animals Regulations, Part XIV- Mammalian-to-Ruminant Feeding Ban

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1	Risk Pathways for BSE in Canada
Figure 2	Distribution of Cattle in Canada
Figure 3	Population Distribution of Cattle in Canada by Province
Figure 4	The Organizational Structure of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Section 2
	Appendix 1	Chronology of Canadian Government Actions Related to the Emergence of BSE
	Appendix 2	TSE Table of Assumptions, Draft Revision 2, August 30, 2001
Section 4
	Appendix 3	The Health of Animals Act
	Appendix 4	The Health of Animals Regulations
	Appendix 5	Veterinarians in Canada by Province
	Appendix 6	CFIA Accredited Laboratories
Section 5
	Appendix 7	Canadian BSE Import Policies, Last Revised March 2, 2001
	Appendix 8	Veterinary Biologics Memorandum 2002-01, January 14, 2002
	Appendix 9	Questionnaire to Assess BSE Country Freedom
	Appendix 10	Animal Disease and Protection Act and Regulations, June 1981
	Appendix 11	Import Policy for Inedible Meat and Other Animal Products, October 1988
	Appendix 12	Rationale for Canada’s Import Policies Pertaining to BSE (implemented December 31, 1996)
	Appendix 13	Policy for Importation of Rendered Products into Canada, September 12, 1997
	Appendix 14	Canadian BSE Import Policies, April 1998
	Appendix 15	Canadian BSE Import Policies, December 1998
	Appendix 16	Animal Health Import Directive, Rendered Products, AH-REN-EQU-01, December 12, 1996
	Appendix 17	Memorandum to Import Service Centres, Program Network Directors, Animal Health Program Managers and Import Officers, December 7, 2000.
	Appendix 18	Veterinary Biologics and Biotechnology Memorandum No. 2, July 26, 1990
	Appendix 19	Report on the Investigation of Commodities Imported from Europe 1990-2000
	Appendix 20	BSE Report based on the following countries: EU, Japan and Russia for the Period of January 1, 2001 to October 19, 2001
Section 7
	Appendix 21	Details on Rendering Facilities in Canada
	Appendix 22	Letters from Rendering Companies and CFIA Position
	Appendix 23	Rendering Good Manufacturing Practices
	Appendix 24	Non-Dedicated Facilities with Non-Dedicated Lines
	Appendix 25	Rendering Plants which Produce Mixed MBM
	Appendix 26	Compliance Guide for Rendering Plants and Survey
Section 8
	Appendix 27	Feed Mill Inspection Form
	Appendix 28	On-Farm Feed Mill Inspection Form
	Appendix 29	Education and Awareness
	Appendix 30	Other Livestock TSEs - Scrapie, CWD and TME

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GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS

AAFC	Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
AAFRD	Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development
ADRI	Animal Diseases Research Institute, Ottawa
AFSSB	Agri-Food Surveillance Systems Branch
AHIN	Animal Health Information Network
AHL	Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph
AIRS	Automated Import Reference System
AMPs	Administrative Monetary Penalties
ANAC	Animal Nutrition Association of Canada
APPI	Animal Protein Producers’ Industry
BSE	Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
CAHNet	Canadian Animal Health Network
CCA	Canadian Cattlemen’s Association
CCIA	Canadian Cattle Identification Agency
CDN	Canadian Dairy Network
CFIA	Canadian Food Inspection Agency
CCRA	Canada Customs and Revenue Agency
CWD	Chronic wasting disease
DEFRA	Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, U.K.
EU	European Union
ERM	Edible Residual Materials
FCEP	Food Safety Enhancement Program
HACCP	Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
IHC	Immunohistochemistry
MAFF	Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, U.K.
MAPAQ	Le ministère de l’Agriculture, des Pechêries et de l’Alimentation
MIB	Meat Inspection Branch
NRA	National Renderers Association
NCFAD	National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg
OAHSN	Ontario Animal Health Surveillance Network
OIE	Office International des Épizooties
OMAFRA	Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
OVMA	Ontario Veterinary Medical Association
TSE	Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
USDA	United States Department of Agriculture
WCVM	Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Canada

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Acknowledgments

Input for the generation of the Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Cattle in Canada was received from many divisions with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), as well as other federal government departments, provincial departments of agriculture and private organizations. In particular, the authors would like to acknowledge the considerable time and effort expended by CFIA personnel in locating and compiling large amounts of information, and providing valuable input into the draft documents. We would also like to acknowledge the following external contributors: Health Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Le ministère de l’Agriculture, Pechêries et Alimentation du Québec, the Animal Nutrition Association of Canada and several private rendering companies.

The Risk Assessment has been subjected to an external peer review process. The authors gratefully acknowledge the following individuals whose critical review of a previous draft has contributed significantly to this final document. A summary of the the scientific peer review can found at http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/ahra/bseris/revexae.shtml.

Danny Matthews
TSE Research and Surveillance Program Manager
Veterinary Laboratories Agency
New Haw, Addlestone
Surrey, United Kingdom

John W. Wilesmith
Head of Epidemiology Department
Veterinary Laboratories Agency
New Haw, Addlestone
Surrey, United Kingdom

Stuart C. MacDiarmid
National Manager (Risk Analysis)
and Adjunct Professor in Veterinary Biosecurity (Massey University)
Biosecurity Authority
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
Wellington, New Zealand

William D. Hueston
Director, Centre for Animal Health and Food Safety
University of Minnesota
Andrew Boss Laboratory
St. Paul, Minnesota, USA

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Important Notices

Risk Assessment on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Cattle in Canada Part A: Evaluation of Risk Factors

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF APPENDICES

GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS

Acknowledgments

Risk Assessment on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Cattle in Canada
Part A: Evaluation of Risk Factors