Priority Substances List Assessment Report for Chloroform

Environment Canada
Health Canada
2001
ISBN: 0-662-29247-2
Cat. No.: En40-215/56E

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(915K)

Canadian Environmental Protection Act 1999

Table of Contents

• List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
• Synopsis
• 1.0 Introduction
• 2.0 Summary of Information Critical to Assessment of "Toxic" under CEPA 1999
  • 2.1 Identity and physical/chemical properties
  • 2.2 Entry characterization
    • 2.2.1 Production, importation and uses
    • 2.2.2 Sources and releases
      • 2.2.2.1 Natural sources
      • 2.2.2.2 Anthropogenic sources
  • 2.3 Exposure characterization
    • 2.3.1 Environmental fate
      • 2.3.1.1 Air
      • 2.3.1.2 Water
      • 2.3.1.3 Sediment and soil
      • 2.3.1.4 Biota
    • 2.3.2 Environmental concentrations
      • 2.3.2.1 Ambient air
      • 2.3.2.2 Indoor air
      • 2.3.2.3 Surface water
      • 2.3.2.4 Soil and sediment
      • 2.3.2.5 Groundwater
      • 2.3.2.6 Biota
      • 2.3.2.7 Drinking water
      • 2.3.2.8 Food
      • 2.3.2.9 Consumer products
      • 2.3.2.10 Human tissues and fluids
      • 2.3.2.11 Showers/baths
      • 2.3.2.12 Indoor pools
  • 2.4 Effects characterization
    • 2.4.1 Ecotoxicology
      • 2.4.1.1 Terrestrial organisms
      • 2.4.1.2 Aquatic organisms
    • 2.4.2 Abiotic atmospheric effects
    • 2.4.3 Experimental animals and in vitro
      • 2.4.3.1 Acute toxicity
      • 2.4.3.2 Short-term toxicity
      • 2.4.3.3 Subchronic toxicity
      • 2.4.3.4 Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity
        • 2.4.3.4.1 Liver
        • 2.4.3.4.2 Kidney
        • 2.4.3.4.3 Nose
      • 2.4.3.5 Genotoxicity
      • 2.4.3.6 Reproductive and developmental toxicity
      • 2.4.3.7 Toxicokinetics and mode of action
        • 2.4.3.7.1 Kinetics and metabolism and relationship with tissue damage
        • 2.4.3.7.2 Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models
        • 2.4.3.7.3 Investigations of regenerative cell proliferation
    • 2.4.4 Humans
• 3.0 ASSESSMENT OF "TOXIC" UNDER CEPA 1999
  • 3.1 CEPA 1999 64(a): Environment
    • 3.1.1 Assessment endpoints
    • 3.1.2 Environmental risk characterization
      • 3.1.2.1 Terrestrial organisms
      • 3.1.2.2 Aquatic organisms
        • 3.1.2.2.1 Freshwater pelagic biota
        • 3.1.2.2.2 Groundwater-dwelling biota
      • 3.1.2.3 Discussion of uncertainty
  • 3.2 CEPA 1999 64(b): Environment upon which life depends
  • 3.3 CEPA 1999 64(c): Human health
    • 3.3.1 Estimated population exposure
      • 3.3.1.1 Deterministic estimates of exposure to chloroform for the general population
      • 3.3.1.2 Probabilistic estimates of exposure to chloroform for the general population
    • 3.3.2 Hazard characterization
      • 3.3.2.1 Cancer
      • 3.3.2.2 Non-neoplastic effects
    • 3.3.3 Exposure-response analyses
      • 3.3.3.1 Cancer
      • 3.3.3.2 Non-neoplastic effects
    • 3.3.4 Human health risk characterization
    • 3.3.5 Uncertainties and degree of confidence in human health risk characterization
  • 3.4 Conclusions
  • 3.5 Considerations for follow-up (further action)
• 4.0 References

Appendices

• Appendix A Search Strategies Employed for Identification of Relevant Data

List of Tables

• Table 1 Chemical and physical properties of chloroform
• Table 2 Concentrations of chloroform in drinking water in Canada during the 1990s
• Table 3 Distributions of concentrations of chloroform in drinking water from provincial/territorial data
• Table 4 Fatty cyst incidence in chronic dog study
• Table 5 Table 5 Summary of liver tumour response to chloroform
• Table 6 Table 6 Summary of kidney tumour response to chloroform
• Table 7 Pertinent histopathological findings in kidneys of male Osborne-Mendel rats in drinking water bioassay by Jorgenson et al. (1985)
• Table 8 Overview of genotoxicity tests
• Table 9 Physiological and metabolic parameter values used to exercise the physiologically based model
• Table 10 Summary of risk quotients for chloroform for CEPA 1999 64(a)
• Table 11 Summary of risk quotients for freshwater pelagic biota
• Table 12 Deterministic estimates of average daily intake of chloroform by the general population
• Table 13 Upper bounding estimates of daily intake of chloroform by the general population
• Table 14 Effect levels in laboratory animals exposed to chloroform by bolus administration (presentation limited to those studies in which the lowest effect levels were reported)
• Table 15 Effect levels in laboratory animals exposed to chloroform by drinking water (presentation limited to those studies in which the lowest effect levels were reported)
• Table 16 Effect levels in laboratory animals exposed to chloroform by inhalation (presentation limited to those studies in which the lowest effect levels were reported)
• Table 17 Recommended concentrations in media for midpoint and upper-percentile exposure scenarios for PBPK modelling
• Table 18 Values of the input parameters representing the midpoint estimates of chloroform concentrations for use in the multimedia exposure scenario
• Table 19 Values of the input parameters representing the 95th percentile of chloroform concentrations for use in the multimedia exposure scenario

List of Figures

• Figure 1 Tumorigenic tissue dose (humans) for combined incidence of renal adenomas and adenocarcinomas in Osborne-Mendel rats
• Figure 2 Benchmark tissue dose (humans) for incidence of hepatic fatty cysts in dogs