The first time a new genus is cited in both the abstract and the text, it should be followed by 'gen. nov.', or 'gen. n.', or 'n. gen.', in roman type (e.g. Jasperella gen. nov.). Similarly, the first time a new species is cited in both the abstract and the text, it should be followed by 'sp. nov.', or 'sp. n.', or 'n. sp.' (e.g. Acanthoscapha brevicristata n. sp.). If the species cited belongs to a new genus, the citation should be followed by 'gen. et sp. nov.', or 'gen. et sp. n.' or 'n. gen. et sp.'. References to new taxa in the plate and figure captions should also include these abbreviations. The author should ensure that the abbreviations chosen are consistent throughout the manuscript. Under ICZN regulations, a new name published after 1999 must be explicitly indicated as being new (e.g. sp. nov. or n. sp., etc.), the repository identified, and the name-bearing type (either a holotype or a syntype series) must be explicitly designated.