Glacier National Park
Visitor Information
BEARS and PEOPLE
A Guide to Safety and Conservation on the Trail
READ this information carefully. Your behaviour affects the survival of wildlife and your own safety.
![Grizzly Bear](/web/20061216081705im_/http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/inc/PM-MP/images/visit12a.jpg)
Grizzly Bear
© Parks Canada |
Safety
And Conservation
![Hiker and Dog on Trail](/web/20061216081705im_/http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/inc/PM-MP/images/bear_1.jpg)
Hiker and Dog on Trail
© Parks Canada |
![Grizzly Bears on Trail](/web/20061216081705im_/http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/inc/PM-MP/images/bear_2.jpg)
Grizzly bears on Trail
© Parks Canada
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These photos were taken by remote cameras. They demonstrate how bears and people live in and use the same areas of national parks.
Bear attacks are uncommon
Bear attacks are uncommon. Wild animals generally prefer to avoid people and bears are no exception. Most encounters between bears
and people occur when the bear's natural avoidance behaviour shifts to aggression because of the following factors:
- You surprise them.
- They are protecting young or food.
- They follow food and food-like odours to you.
- Your dog provokes an attack.
- The bear you encounter is habituated to people and has lost its natural fear.
The following guidelines to safety in bear habitat are just that guidelines.
Bear behaviour is hard to predict because they are complex animals. Each bear
is an individual with the potential to react differently in different situations.
The information that follows will give you some basics on how to avoid an encounter
in the first place and guidance on how to react should one occur.
Parks Canada recommends carrying bear spray with you at all times on the trail.
Bear Spray
Research indicates that bear spray can be effective with some bears when used properly. If you plan to carry it,
be aware that wind, spray distance, rain, freezing temperatures and product shelf life can all influence its
effectiveness. Familiarize yourself with the proper use of bear spray (including the manufacturer's specific
instructions) and keep it readily accessible. However, the best way to live safely with bears is to avoid contact
with them.
1. The best thing to do is... AVOID an encounter
Bears are extremely sensitive to the stress of human activity. You can actually help protect these animals by avoiding
encounters with them.
Make noise!
Watch for fresh bear sign.
Keep your dog on a leash at all times.
Travel in groups.
Never approach a bear. (Always maintain a distance of at least 100 metres).
- Make noise! Let bears know you're there. Call out, clap hands, sing or talk
loudly especially near streams, dense vegetation and berry patches, on windy days, and in areas of
low visibility. (Some research shows that bear bells are not enough).
- Watch for fresh bear sign. Tracks, droppings, diggings, torn-up logs, turned-over
rocks are all signs that a bear has been in the area. Leave the area if the signs are fresh.
- Keep your dog on a leash at all times or leave it at home. Dogs can
provoke defensive behaviour in bears.
- Travel in groups if possible and never let children wander.
- Use officially marked paths and trails and travel during daylight hours.
- If you come across large dead animals, leave the area immediately and report it to Park Wardens.
- Dispose of fish offal in fast moving streams or the deep part of a lake, never along stream
sides or lake shores.
2. Handling an ENCOUNTER
Stay calm
Get your bear spray ready
Speak to the bear
Back away slowly, NEVER run
- Stay calm and don't alarm the bear with screams or
sudden movements. Your calm behaviour can reassure it. Bears may bluff their
way out of an encounter by charging and then turning away at the last second.
Bears may also react defensively by woofing, growling, snapping their jaws,
and laying their ears back. It's difficult but important to REMAIN
CALM if a bear reacts to you this way. A scream or sudden movement
may trigger an attack.
- Speak to the bear. Let the bear hear your voice - talk calmly
and firmly. This lets the bear know you are human and not a prey animal. If
a bear rears on its hind legs and waves its nose about, it is trying to identify
you.
- Back away slowly, never run! Running may trigger a pursuit
and bears can run as fast as a racehorse, both uphill and downhill.
- Make yourself less vulnerablepick up small children and
stay in a group.
- Don't drop your pack. It can provide protection.
- Always leave the bear an escape route.
Visitor Centre staff can provide information on current bear activity, closures, warnings and safety advice.
3. Handling an ATTACK
Most encounters with bears end without injury. If a bear actually makes contact,
you may increase your chances of survival by following these guidelines. In general, there are 2
kinds of attack:
DEFENSIVE
-
What is the bear's behaviour?
The bear is feeding, protecting its young and/or unaware of your presence. It attacks because it sees
you as a threat. This is the most COMMON type of attack.
- Use bear spray.
- If the bear makes contact with you: PLAY DEAD!
PLAY DEAD. Lie on your stomach with legs apart and position your arms so that
your hands are crossed behind your neck. This position makes you less vulnerable to being flipped over
and protects your face, the back of your head and neck. Remain still until you are sure the bear has
left the area.
These defensive attacks are generally less than two minutes in duration. If the attack continues, it may mean
the attack has shifted from defensive to predatory - FIGHT BACK!
PREDATORY
- Try to escape into a building, car or up a tree.
- If you cant escape, DONT PLAY DEAD.
- Use bear spray and fight back!
FIGHT BACK! Intimidate that bear: shout; hit it with a branch or rock, do
whatever it takes to let the bear know you are not easy prey. This kind of
attack is very rare but it is serious because it usually means the bear is looking for food and preying on
you.
Bottom line? It is very difficult to predict the best strategy to use
in the event of a bear attack. That is why it is so important to put thought and energy into
avoiding an encounter in the first place.
Cyclists
Your speed and quietness put you at risk for sudden bear encounters.
- Slow down through shrubby areas and approaching blind corners;
- Make noise, travel in groups, be alert and always watch ahead. (Go back to the section on Avoiding
an Encounter for other advice).
Backcountry Camping
To stay safe and protect wilderness, travel with two goals in mind: limiting your impact by avoiding encounters and
managing your food, food smells and garbage.
- Camp in designated areas where provided. Avoid camping near running water, thick brush,
animal trails or berry patches.
- Keep yourself and campsite odour free set up cooking,
eating and food storage areas at least 100 metres from your tent and consider
wind direction. Keep sleeping bags, tents and sleeping clothes free of food,
food odours or beverages.
- Leave smelly cosmetics at home. Store toiletries and personal items with food.
- Use bear-resistant canisters that provide for food and garbage storage. They are
mandatory in some northern national parks for overnight backcountry trips.
- Store your food, pet food, livestock feed and garbage away from your tent. Hang it
between two trees at least 4 metres above the ground and 1.3 metres from top and side supports.
- Wash and store all dishes and food utensils immediately after use. Strain food
particles from dish water and store with garbage. Dump dishwater in designated areas or at least 100
metres from your sleeping area.
- Pack out garbage do not burn or bury it. Same storage as food.
![A graphic showing a campsite set up with cooking, eating and food storage areas at least 100 metres from your tent](/web/20061216081705im_/http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/inc/PM-MP/images/bear_camping.jpg)
Backcountry Campsite
© Parks Canada
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What does a bear see in this landscape?
![Grizzly Bear Landscape](/web/20061216081705im_/http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/inc/PM-MP/images/bears_landscape.jpg)
Grizzly Bear Landscape
© Parks Canada
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- REFUGE - a secure home.
- 50% ROCK & ICE - and the precious green space that's left.
- RUGGED LANDSCAPE - a challenge to move through.
- SEASONAL FOODS - in scattered patches.
- POTENTIAL DEN SITES - for the upcoming winter.
- OTHER BEARS - cubs to protect, a mate a mountain range away, rivals.
What it takes to survive 365 days a year
Bears are as individual as the members of your family...and so are their
survival strategies. All bears in the mountains face similar challenges each
season but each animal survives in its own particular way. What does it take
to survive each year?
SPRING
![Dandelion](/web/20061216081705im_/http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/inc/PM-MP/images/visit12a-1.jpg)
Dandelion
© Parks Canada |
Bears emerge lean from hibernation, onto a lean landscape.
There's snow at high elevations so bears congregate in valley bottoms
to find early green-up. Grizzly bears head to sunny, exposed avalanche slopes
to dig for roots and bulbs. If they're lucky, bears may find carcasses
of winter-killed animals a critical energy boost, especially for a female
nursing cubs.
![Field Horsetail](/web/20061216081705im_/http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/inc/PM-MP/images/visit12a-2.jpg)
Field Horsetail
© Parks Canada |
![Glacier Lily](/web/20061216081705im_/http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/inc/PM-MP/images/visit12a-3.jpg)
Glacier Lily
© Parks Canada |
Males seek out available mates...often travelling great distances.
The grizzly male's urge to reproduce is strong but females don't hit breeding age until around
5 years old and it may be another 5-6 years before they're ready to breed again. To secure food and
available mates, a male's home range may be as large as greater Vancouver. Black bears also have low
reproductive rates when habitat quality is poor.
![Yellow Hedysarum](/web/20061216081705im_/http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/inc/PM-MP/images/visit12a-4.jpg)
Yellow Hedysarum
© Parks Canada |
![Golden-Mantled Ground Squirrel](/web/20061216081705im_/http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/inc/PM-MP/images/visit12a-5.jpg)
Golden-Mantled Ground Squirrel
© Parks Canada |
SUMMER
As snow retreats, plants flourish and bears range widely to find these green pockets.
Avalanche slopes remain critical to grizzly bears offering a rich variety of plant food and forest edge
that provides cover. Black bears, a forest species, remain largely in the valley bottoms where they
find food, and security from grizzly bears.
![Cow Parsnip](/web/20061216081705im_/http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/inc/PM-MP/images/visit12a-6.jpg)
Cow Parsnip
© Parks Canada |
Bears are devoted mothers.
Here in the Rockies, grizzly bear cubs may remain with their mothers for up to 5 years learning the
ropes for survival in the mountains. Female grizzlies aggressively defend their cubs from dominant
male bears and other threats. Black bear cubs are ushered up trees for protection from adult black
bear males and grizzly bears.
![Ants and other insects in rotten logs](/web/20061216081705im_/http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/inc/PM-MP/images/visit12a-7.jpg)
Ants and other insects in rotten logs
© Parks Canada |
FALL
![Buffaloberry](/web/20061216081705im_/http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/inc/PM-MP/images/visit12a-8.jpg)
Buffaloberry
© Parks Canada |
Bears are driven to consume up to 35,000 calories per day.
Bears dig, push, rub and peel their way through an area looking for food.
This behaviour leaves behind interesting clues large diggings (ground squirrels
and roots) turned over rocks and logs (insects), berry bushes that have been
stripped clean (up to 250,000 berries/day in peak season). The focus is feeding
along forest openings, trails, road edges and in campgrounds sometimes around
the clock.
WINTER
Bears give birth in mid-winter...if they're fat enough.
Both black and grizzly adult females have a physical adaptation called "delayed
implantation" the fertilized egg doesn't implant in the uterus unless
the female has enough fat reserves to grow and nurse cubs. Born into a secure
den environment, the tiny, blind cubs (usually two) suckle on their sleeping
mother's rich milk.
![Black bear den](/web/20061216081705im_/http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/inc/PM-MP/images/visit12a-9.jpg)
Black bear den
© Parks Canada |
Survival of the species
Bears can live to be 25 years old in the wild. Unfortunately many die human-caused deaths well before this,
cutting short their legacy of future offspring. To maintain a population, births must balance deaths.
Grizzly bears have the lowest reproductive rate of any mammal in North America.
The landscape obstacle course
Black and grizzly bears have evolved physical adaptations over millions of
years and an intelligence that gives them a fighting chance to make a living
here. But times are changing. Rapidly. The growing population of humans, increasing
development, resource extraction activities and recreational access are all
carving up and eating away wilderness.
Bears need the habitat in the Rocky Mountain national parks more than ever but it's become a kind
of obstacle course. Think of what it would be like to travel around the mountain national parks in
midsummer, trying to avoid people around towns; campgrounds; highways; railways; busy trail networks...
and still find enough food to survive.
It's becoming harder for bears to avoid bumping into people even in our parks. These protected areas
are an important part of the remaining habitat for black and grizzly bears in North America.
![Sharing the valley with wildlife. The town of Jasper in Jasper National Park.](/web/20061216081705im_/http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/inc/PM-MP/images/visit12a-10.jpg)
Sharing the valley with wildlife.
The town of Jasper in Jasper National Park.
© Parks Canada |
We breathe in mountain air like a tonic but bears read it like an invisible
map. Their keen sense of smell helps them negotiate the landscape, guiding
them to food and away from possible threats.
![Black Bear](/web/20061216081705im_/http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/inc/PM-MP/images/visit12a-12.jpg)
Black Bear
© Parks Canada |
What happens to a bear when it encounters people?
The first time, the second time, the third time....
A bear has two options and a coping strategy.
- It can alter its path of travel or abandon an area, displacing it from an important habitat.
- It can react aggressively: this usually only happens when the bear is surprised at close range and feels threatened. Serious human-bear encounters may result in the bear's destruction and loss from the ecosystem.
- It becomes habituated: with frequent, repeated exposure to people, a bear loses its natural
wary behaviour and becomes increasingly bolder. It's more likely to enter a campground or townsite where
food or garbage may be improperly stored. Research indicates habituated grizzly bears are three times more
likely to die a human-caused death.
The cumulative effects of humans on bears:
removal/killing of habituated bears
resort and housing development
growing human population
road and rail mortality
resource extraction
timber harvesting
road access
recreation
poaching
hunting
Your 3 second decision can help protect bears
Your personal decisions count. It only takes three seconds to consider the impact you may be having on bears
and to make a different decision that can help protect bears.
The best thing you can do for bears is to limit their exposure to you. When you spot a roadside bear,
consider not stopping (one less person contributing to its habituation). When you're in campgrounds,
bear-proof your site and keep it completely attractant-free: take the extra 3 seconds to move the hibachi
into the trunk, the dog food bowls into the car or the suntan lotion into the locker.
Before you hit the trail think about the time of year, what the bears are probably doing and how you
can give them the room they need to do it. Use official trails only and leave the wild trails to wildlife.
Respect temporary and seasonal closurestheyre in place to give bears a chance to use critical habitat or
habitat linkages undisturbed.
Learn more about bears and wild spaces
![Black Bears](/web/20061216081705im_/http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/inc/PM-MP/images/blk_bears.jpg)
Black Bears
© Parks Canada
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Bottom line? To survive, bears need space with few human
surprises.
![Grizzly Bears](/web/20061216081705im_/http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/inc/PM-MP/images/visit12a-11_e.jpg)
© Parks Canada |
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For more information on bears, see our Natural Heritage section.
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